Todays, non-pharmacological treatments such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has provided more attention because these procedures have no side effects. . . .

Introduction: One of the causes of chest pain in children is mitral valve prolapse (MVP). This study aimed to investigate the association between the severity of chest pain and the severity of MVP. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was designed on 103 children aged 7 to 18 years suffering from MVP along with chest pain. By using echocardiography, severity of MVP was assessed in all the subjects by two cardiologists, separately. According to the echocardiography criteria, the severity of MVP was divided into three types: grade I, II and III. The severity of chest pain was assessed according to visual analog scale (VAS) criteria (Mild, Discomfortable, Distressing, Horrible, and Excruciating). Results: The mean age of the 103 patients with MVP was 11. 76±, 2. 85 years (F/M: 66/36). The most common site of pain was the left side of the chest. Mitral valve insufficiency was diagnosed in 76 children. Respectively, 31 children suffered from mild type, 58 moderate and 13 severe MVP. 74. 51% of children had MVP along with mitral valve insufficiency. A total of 33 children described their pain as excruciating 8 of whom had severe MVP. The mean severity of chest pain according to VAS criteria in children with severe MVP was 7. 92±, 1. 03, which was significantly higher than moderate and mild (P=0. 000). Conclusion: There was a positive association between the severity of chest pain and severity of MVP in children. Therefore, it seems that attention to chest pain in children with MVP could be useful to evaluate the severity of MVP.

Background: Bacteria can influence a variety of gut functions. Some studies showed that stool consistency and constipation were associated with gut microbiome (GM) composition, and enterotype, dysbiosis. Growing evidence indicates the significant role of GM in the homeostatic function of the host body. The GM may regulate multiple neurochemical and neurometabolic pathways. Chronicity of the pain is actively modulated at the molecular to the network level by means of several neurotransmitters. The GM to some extent can affect pain perception. Objectives: The current study aimed at investigating the relationship between constipation state or usual stool form and pain severity of patients with chronic pain. Methods: The current study was conducted on 365 patients with chronic pain. The participants were evaluated on their stool form (the Bristol stool form scale; BSFS), constipation state (the Cleveland clinic constipation score; CCCS), body mass index (BMI), and usual pain severity (numerical rating scale; NRS). In addition, the participants were assigned into five groups according to the pain region (i e, low back and/or lower limb, whole body, neck and/or upper back and/or upper limb, head and/or face, chest and/or abdominal). Results: The CCS showed a significant and positive association with the pain severity of the total patients and patients with low back and/or lower limb pain. Simultaneous multiple linear regression analyses revealed that a predictor of the pain severity was the CCS for the total patients and patients with low back and/or lower limb, whole body pain. Conclusions: Constipation displayed a significant and positive association with the pain severity of the total patients and patients with low back and/or lower limb pain, whole body.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to explore the psychosocial factors related to the severity of pain in patients with non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP), providing insights to support more comprehensive and targeted management strategies.    METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at two university-affiliated hospitals. Patients diagnosed with NCCP, based on physical examination and angiographic findings, completed questionnaires assessing type D personality, cardiac anxiety, fear of bodily sensations, somatization, depression, and pain severity. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors influencing pain severity levels. RESULTS: A total of 156 males and 204 females, with a mean age of 55. 76 ± 12. 83 years, were divided into low-pain (N = 182) and high-pain (N = 178) groups. Higher education and being female were significantly associated with greater pain severity. Depression, type D personality, somatization, and cardiac anxiety were significantly correlated with pain severity. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that self-rated health (OR,: 2. 14,95% CI.: 1. 18-3. 90), depression (OR-11. 15,95% CI-: 1. 09-1. 22), type D personality (OR-: 1. 90,95% CI-: 1. 06-3. 41), somatization (OR-: 1. 03,95% CI-: 1. 01-1. 06), and fear of bodily sensation (OR-: 1. 90,95% CI-: 1. 06-3. 41), were all associated with pain severity.  CONCLUSION: This study concluded that type D personality, fear of bodily sensations, depression, somatization, cardiac anxiety, and poor self-rated health were associated with increased NCCP severity. By controlling the disease and managing related pain earlier, more coherent treatment strategies can be implemented, ultimately improving patients’ quality of life.

BACKGROUND: Labor pain relief has been considered since many years ago. Heat as a non pharmacological method of pain relief helps reducing the pain intensity and increases the pain consistency. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the heat therapy on the labor pain in primigravida women.METHODS: In this clinical trial study, 64 low risk nulliparous women were randomly divided into two heat therapy and routine care groups. In addition to the routine cares, warm bag were used for the heat therapy group for the low back, from cervix dilatation of 3-4 cm to the end of the labor’s first stage and for perinea at the second stage. The pain intensity was determined by McGill pain questionnaire in dilatation of 3-4, 6-7 and 9-10 cm and at the end of the labor’s second stage.Data was analyzed using t-test and chi square test by using SPSS 11.RESULTS: Results of research showed a significant decrease in the pain intensity in the heat therapy group at the first stage and the second stage of labor and comparing two groups showed significant difference (p<0.001).CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of this study, it seems that heat therapy in addition to its beneficial effects, causes the mother to sense the labor pain in a lower pain severity.